The overarching goal of our research is to map the spatial organization and signaling status of murine and human B lineage lymphocytes using computational and experimental approaches, and functionally characterize novel subsets. We have a long-standing interest in B lineage development from hematopoietic stem cells. Our publications have revealed the unique development stage-specific control of B cell maturation by the transcription factor E2A and established TLR-dependent mechanisms of B cell exhaustion in mouse and humanized mice.